Exposure Assessment of Sb2O3 in PET Food Contact Materials / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study was conducted to do exposure assessment of the possible migration of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) food contact materials (FCM). Consumption Factor (CF) and Food-type Distribution Factor (fT) were calculated from survey data with reference to the US FDA method. The most conservative migration conditions were obtained by testing Sb migration from PET FCM based on the Chinese national standard of GB/T 5009.101-2003[1]. Migration levels of Sb from PET FCM were tested and migration levels of Sb2O3 were obtained through molecular weight conversion between Sb and Sb2O3. Exposure assessment of Sb2O3 was undertaken. The Chinese Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of Sb2O3 resulted from PET FCM was 90.7 ng p-1d-1.

An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethlhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) among workers in flavoring factories / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the daily intake of DEHP among workers in flavoring factories.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>71 workers in two flavoring manufacturers, 27 administrators in those factories and 31 laboratory technicians in a research institute were recruited and assigned to exposure group, control group 1 and control group 2 respectively. Their urinary DEHP metabolites, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), were detected by isotope dilution-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The urinary metabolites concentrations were converted into DEHP intake levels using two pharmacokinetic models: the urine creatinine-excretion (UCE) one and the urine volume (UV) one.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No significant differences were found among the three groups. Based on the urinary concentrations of Σ₃MEHP, we got a median daily DEHP intake of 3.22 or 1.85 μg/kg body-weight/day applying the UV or UCE models respectively. Depending on the UV model, three subjects (2.34%) exceeded the RfD value given by US EPA and the P₅₀ of estimate daily DEHP intakes accounted for 16.10% of the RfD value. No subjects exceeded the limitation depending on the UCE model.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The workers in flavoring factories were not supposed to be the high DEHP exposure ones and their exposure level remained at a low risk.</p>

Risk analysis of sulfites used as food additives in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study was to analyze the risk of sulfites in food consumed by the Chinese people and assess the health protection capability of maximum-permitted level (MPL) of sulfites in GB 2760-2011. Sulfites as food additives are overused or abused in many food categories. When the MPL in GB 2760-2011 was used as sulfites content in food, the intake of sulfites in most surveyed populations was lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Excess intake of sulfites was found in all the surveyed groups when a high percentile of sulfites in food was in taken. Moreover, children aged 1-6 years are at a high risk to intake excess sulfites. The primary cause for the excess intake of sulfites in Chinese people is the overuse and abuse of sulfites by the food industry. The current MPL of sulfites in GB 2760-2011 protects the health of most populations.

A survey of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula contaminated with melamine in two townships of Gansu, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula (IF) contaminated with melamine, and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.</p><p><b>DESIGN</b>A total of 2 733 children < or = 3 years of age on September 1, 2008 in two townships of Gansu Province, China were studied. Cases of urolithiasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography. Milk product consumption was determined by their caregivers. Remaining IF samples were tested for melamine and cyanuric acid.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 2 733 eligible children in the two townships, 2 186 (80%) were enrolled in our study. Overall, 16.6% (362) of 2 186 children had urolithiasis. The prevalence was 24.6% in children exclusively fed Sanlu brand IF, 9.7% in those fed other IF, and 8.5% in those fed exclusively on other milk products. For children exclusively breast-fed, no urolithiasis was found (P < 0.05). The prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.4% in children fed 400 g of Sanlu IF, rising to 37.5% in children fed over 25 600 g. Of 48 Sanlu IF samples, 91.7% contained melamine (median = 1 800 ppm; range = 45-4 700) and 66.7% contained cyanuric acid (median = 1.2 ppm; range = 0.4-6.3). Melamine was also detected in 22.2% of 36 other brand IF (median = 27.5 ppm, range = 4-50).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Urolithiasis was associated with melamine-contaminated IF. Although one product caused most morbidity, other milk products may have also contributed to the outbreak.</p>

Assessment on dietary melamine exposure from tainted infant formula / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four age groups of infants and young children (3, 6, 12, and 24 months) were chosen as the assessed subjects and the maximum amount of infant formula consumption was estimated based on the recommended usage level in the package insert of Sanlu infant formula and other brands. Melamine was analyzed in 111 Sanlu infant formula samples collected from the markets in Beijing and Gansu province using the LC-MS-MS with a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg. Four levels of melamine concentration were chosen to estimate the dietary intakes, including the mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The infants of 3 months had the highest intake of melamine, and with the increase of the age (month), the intake decreased. Based on the median melamine concentration (1,000 mg/kg) as an example, the melamine intakes for the infants of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 23.4, 21.4, 15.0, and 8.6 mg/kg bw/d, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dietary melamine intakes from tainted Sanlu infant formula significantly exceeded the TDI level (0.2 mg/kg bw/d) recommended by the WHO Expert Meeting in 2008. However, the present assessment has some limitations including the poor representative samples, the varied melamine concentrations in the adulterated Sanlu infant formula, and other brand infant formula possibly consumed by these infants.</p>

Study on migration of melamine from food packaging materials on markets / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the migration of melamine into foods from plastic food packaging materials and dairy product containers commonly used in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>37 samples were collected from the market. The EU migration testing conditions were adopted with distilled water, 3% acetic acid, n-hexane and 15% ethanol being chosen as the simulating solutions. The HPLC method was used to detect melamine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No melamine was detected in 15 dairy product containers. Among the 22 plastic samples, 16 of polypropylene, and polycarbonate types had no detectable amount melamine while a low level of melamine was found in 3 of the 6 melamine resin containers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Migration of melamine from food packaging materials in China market is in line with the requirements of EU.</p>

National continuous monitoring on the content of lead in preserved eggs from 2000 to 2006 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the pollution level and development trend of lead in the preserved egg in our country.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By the national food contamination monitoring system and under the strict analysis quality control, the content of lead in the preserved eggs was analyzed according to the national standard method (GB/T 5009.12-2003) in fourteen provinces from 2000 to 2006.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 1358 data on contents of lead in the preserved eggs were obtained during seven years, the total average was 1.782 mg/kg, the maximum was 334.0 mg/kg, P90 was 3.50 mg/kg, P95 was 7.397 mg/kg and P97.5 was 12.01 mg/kg, all exceeded 2 mg/kg of the national limit standard, and the rate of violated samples exceeded 10.0%. Analyzing from time, contents of lead in the preserved eggs were depressive from 2.994 mg/kg to 1.138 mg/kg year after year.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The lead contamination in preserved eggs was serious in whole country. It shows that the continuous work of monitoring and forewarning should be carried out to make the contamination of lead in preserved eggs to reduce year by year.</p>

Determination of bisphenol A and alkyl phenols in canned food with high performance liquid chromatography--fluorescence / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a comprehensive analytical high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) in detecting bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in canned food sold in Beijing markets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>BPA, NP and OP was extracted with methanol and dichloroacetamide and concentrated. The samples were purified on an solid extraction cartridges. The HPLC system consisted of Waters XTerra MS C18 column, a mixture of methanol and water as mobile phase and fluorescence detector with the excitation and emission wavelength at 225 nm and 310 nm respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The method established had a linear relationship, showing the detection limit of BPA, OP and NP being 0.5, 0.1 and 0.1 microg/kg in canned vegetable and instant noodle and 1, 0.5 and 0.5 microg/kg in canned fish and meat can, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 74.9%-95.1% , 76.3%-103.6% and 72.1%-109.2%. The precision was 4.98%-11.2% , 2.35%-8.88% and 5.61%-12.3%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, suitable for the determination of NP, OP and BPA in canned food.</p>